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June 14, 2001
Association responds to amalgam litigation
The complaint filed June 12 against the American Dental Association and the California Dental Association by a coalition of anti-amalgam groups may "prey on the fears of people who have serious medical conditions," the ADA said in a statement today.
The complaint, claiming the dental organizations have misled the public about alleged dangers of mercury in amalgam fillings, could lead people with unrelated conditions to believe the cure for their problems lies in a costly dental treatment not based on proven scientific evidence, the Association said.
Stories
Dental amalgam
Rep. Norwood
California
"There is no sound scientific evidence supporting a link between amalgam fillings and systemic diseases or chronic illness," ADA President Dr. Robert M. Anderton said in the statement. "This is a position shared by the ADA and all major U.S. public health agencies and is a matter of public record."
"This complaint is without merit, and the ADA and CDA will mount a vigorous defense," Dr. Anderton declared.
Filed in the Los Angeles Superior Court, the complaint claims violations of California's business and professions code, charging that the ADA and CDA have issued rules preventing dentists from discussing mercury with their patients.
Among the groups represented in the complaint are Kids Against Pollution, Dental Amalgam Mercury Syndrome Inc., the American Academy of Biological Diversity and patients who claim mercury in their amalgam fillings has made them ill.
"This litigation appears to be an effort to 'gag' scientific debate," Dr. Anderton said in the ADA statement. "If the plaintiffs were successful, it would establish the precedent that professional associations cannot form scientific opinions and communicate those opinions to the public and the profession without fear of being sued by those who do not share their views."
Dental amalgam is a safe, affordable and durable material that has been used to restore the teeth of more than 100 million Americans, the Association said in a position paper. "Dental amalgam has been used for more than 150 years and, during that time, has established an extensively reviewed record of safety and effectiveness."
In Reply to: ADA deceptive response to lawsuit posted by MAI on June 14, 2001 at 13:06:39:
My PhD in Toxicology is in MERCURY POISONING
(a fungicide) and I have been studying mercury poisoning for
the last 33 years and have taken mercury samples from dental
offices and testified in court regarding mercury for over 25
years. I will contact the two attorneys involved and offer
any help I can give them, ie the 336 scientific articles on
mercury amalgam poisoning and the key mercury articles
(N = 18,194 sci. art.)
DR. RICHARD L. LIPSEY
PROFESSOR AND TOXICOLOGIST
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA
FLORIDA COASTAL SCHOOL OF LAW
http://www.richardlipsey.com
In Reply to: ADA deceptive response to lawsuit posted by MAI on June 14, 2001 at 13:06:39:
June 13, 2001, 5:30 p.m.
Contact:
Charles Brown, Shawn Khorrami, Anita Tibau or Freya Koss
Consumers for Dental Choice, 818-947-5111
Davis Administration Intercedes:
Schedules Meeting with Anti-Mercury Consumers
After Dental Board Cancels Meeting
Meeting to be held at 10:00 a.m. on Thursday, June 14
107 S. Broadway, Room 1059, Downtown Los Angeles
Governor Gray Davis' Department of Consumer Affairs, responding to the state Dental Board's cancellation of a meeting at which it was to vote on language warning dental patients of the risks of mercury fillings, has stepped in to hold its own meeting with anti-Mercury activists.
The Dental Board had scheduled a meeting for Thursday, June 14 in Los Angeles to finally implement a law that requires a "Fact Sheet" explaining the risks of mercury and other toxins in dental materials. But at the 11th hour, the Board announced it was canceling the meeting, claiming it could not produce a quorum.
Kathleen Hamilton, Director of the state Department of Consumer Affairs, expressed chagrin that an agency of state government would be so cavalier on an issue of such importance as defining the risks of the controversial dental material amalgam, known as "silver" but in reality composed 50% of the neurotoxin mercury. On Wednesday (June 13), she directed her Deputy Director, Lynn Morris, to fly to Los Angeles and host a meeting on Thursday morning to listen to the views and concerns of consumers about mercury in dentistry.
The meeting will be held at 10:00 a.m. on Thursday, June 14, at the Junipero Serra State Office Building, 107 South Broadway, Suite 1059, in downtown Los Angeles. The public is invited.
The Fact Sheet legislation, written in 1992 by then-State Senator Diane Watson, gained new momentum with Watsonís election to Congress last week. Congresswoman Watson has written the Dental Board, stating the need for the Board to fulfill its legal duties and, at last, implement this law. Pledging the resources of her new office to ensure consumer awareness of risks of dental materials, Congresswoman Watson will be represented by staff at the meeting.
Charles G. Brown of Washington, DC, counsel for Consumers for Dental Choice, stated, "The Watson law has been in effect for nine years. This Dental Board seems to feel it can continue to ignore and violate this law. Itís great that we now have a Governor whose Administration says 'enough is enough.'"
The Board's decision to cancel the meeting coincided with the announcement Tuesday (June 12) of a lawsuit against the California and American Dental Associations, charging widespread deception about the risks of mercury and calling mercury amalgam "silver" to confuse the public into thinking amalgam was mainly silver. Shawn Khorrami of Van Nuys, lead counsel in the suit, called on the Dental Board "to stop shilling for the Dental Association and start protecting consumers."
Anita Tibau, a consumer activist from Orange County, said of the lawsuit and the meeting cancellation, "It's time that the Dental Board AND the Dental Association use the "M" word."
Deputy Director Morris promised not only to listen to the public, but also to state the commitment of the Davis Administration to implement the law. Khorrami said, "We are delighted that Lynn Morris will be here to meet with consumers after the Dental Board walked away from them."
In Reply to: ADA deceptive response to lawsuit posted by MAI on June 14, 2001 at 13:06:39:
NEWS RELEASE
Brockovitch Attorney Announces Massive Class Action Lawsuit Against
Dentists
Maine Decides Today Whether To Ban the Use of "Silver Fillings"
April 25, 2001
For Immediate Release
One day after a News Conference in Washington D.C., where a massive
class action lawsuit against dentists in the U.S. was announced,
hearings are taking place in Maine to decide as to whether or not to ban
the use of mercury dental fillings in that state.
States Alan Sigel, the attorney who gained national notoriety for his
role in the 'Erin Brockovitch case, " Our lawsuit could change the face
of dentistry in America. There is absolutely no reason that this poison
should be used in peoples mouths. I applaud the efforts in Maine to ban
the use of mercury. Mercury is poisoning our environment and our
citizens."
A news article in the April 20 edition of the Globe and Mail, Canada's
national newspaper, stated that, "dentists could be responsible for as
much as 80% of the mercury in sewage."
Two individual recent scientific studies conducted by the University of
Kentucky and the University of Calgary tied mercury poisoning to
Alzheimer's Disease.
The Class Action lawsuit announced by Mr. Sigel, will have far reaching
impact. Many more suits are expected to follow.
-30-
Media Inquiries:
Wayne Obie
Media & Public Relations
Talk International
for American against Mercury
1 (800) 540-0192
In Reply to: Brokovitch firm lawsuit - Press Release posted by MAI on June 14, 2001 at 19:31:15:
One sentence in this article is almost 100% incorrect:
Two individual recent scientific studies conducted by the University of Kentucky and the University of Calgary tied mercury poisoning to Alzheimer's Disease.
The truth is that it was one experiment done jointly by both universities that showed that metallic mercury causes brain lesions in rats. These brain lesions are similar to those found in most people who have Alzheimer's.
Once again:
- NO amalgams
- NO people
- NO alzheimer's
- NO realistic levels of mercury.
PS: Mai, this isn't a personal attack on you so PLEASE don't interpret it as one.
In Reply to: Re: Brokovitch firm lawsuit - Press Release posted by King on June 14, 2001 at 20:12:16:
Alzheimer is linked to mercury not in this ONLY study.
The study on living human brains (with autopsy) is not possible.
The animal study are scientificaly accepted as evidence of injury in humans.
Unless you donate yourself for such study there will be no convincing for you evidence.
You may be sceptical but that does not give you any right to challenge the experts.
Thye arguments you are presenting (some of them) are ALWAYS presented in Courts in Toxic Tort as a part of Daubert or Fry test.
Start trust experts as you may only benefit from.
In Reply to: Re: Brokovitch firm lawsuit - Press Release posted by King on June 14, 2001 at 20:12:16:
At the April 25th meeting of your committee I gave testimony that the President of the American Dental Association (ADA) takes exception to in a letter sent to you dated 11 May 2001. Quoting from that letter the testimony the ADA dislikes is "that elementary mercury from dental amalgam could work synergistically with other ethyl-mercury sources and have a cumulative toxic effect on the body. Dr. Haley postulated that this could be a potential cause of autism and Alzheimer's disease." I stand by my statement as a sensible concern based on published scientific research regarding synergist toxicities caused by two very toxic agents, mercury and the organic mercury compound thimerosal. This concern is elevated since mercury exposure from amalgams to a pregnant mother concentrates in the fetus and a single vaccine given to a six-pound newborn is the equivalent of giving a 180-pound adult 30 vaccinations on the same day. Include in this the toxic effects of high levels of aluminum and formaldehyde contained in some vaccines, and the synergist toxicity could be increased to unknown levels.
Additionally, mercury is a well-known inhibitor of kidney function. Common sense indicates that the concern I expressed should be taken seriously since we do not know how combined toxicities effect humans, especially in utero.
Consider the current epidemic death on birth of over 500 foals from apparently healthy mares around Lexington, KY.
These deaths were identified as being due to a low level toxicity delivered by caterpillars eating poison plants and later, on migration, depositing their waste products on grass being eaten by the mares. The point being it is the infant in utero that suffered most on exposure to low level, toxins, not the mother. Combined mercury toxicities can be devastating as I reference below and in the many references available on the http://www.altcorp.com website. What is needed is research by non-biased scientists to clarify this, something our FDA and NIDCR have refused to do. As the American public find out what has happened regarding this issue, they will be quite angry. This is a biomedical science issue that should have been resolved a long time ago by the responsible federal agencies.
... ADA President in his letter I will go in sequential order of the comments made in the letter placing the ADA comments in italics and providing scientific references for my conclusions.
"There is no scientifically valid evidence linking either autism or Alzheimer's disease with dental amalgam". First, mercury is a well-known, potent neurotoxicant, and common sense would lead to the conclusion that severe neurotoxins would exacerbate all neurological disorders, including Parkinson's, ALS, MS, autism and AD. Several research papers in refereed, high quality journals and scientific publications have shown that mercury inhibits the same enzymes in normal brain tissues as are inhibited in AD brain samples (1a-c, 2, 3). AD is pathologically confirmed post-mortem by the appearance of neuro-fibillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid plaques in brain tissue. Published research, within the past year, has shown that exposure of neurons in culture to sub-lethal doses of mercury (much less than is observed in human brain tissue) causes the formation of NFTs (4), the increased secretion of amyloid protein and the hyper-phosphorylation of a protein called Tau (5). All three of these mercury-induced aberrances are regularly identified as the major diagnostic markers for AD. In the manuscript published in the J. of Neurochemistry (5) the authors state "These results indicate that mercury may play a role in the patho-physiological mechanisms of AD." In most of these experiments, mercury and only mercury among the several toxic heavy metals tested, caused the AD related responses reported. Many medically trained individuals would agree that if something causes the appearance of the pathological hallmarks confirming the disease then it likely causes the disease. I at least have limited my claims to exacerbation of these diseases to err on the side of caution.
Further, consider this about AD. A study of 500 sets of identical twins from World War II era lead to the conclusion that sporadic AD which represents 90% of the cases was not a directly inherited disease. In many cases one twin would get AD and the other would not.
Genetic susceptibility is involved, but a toxic exposure is required (e.g., if you are genetically susceptible to being an alcoholic you still need to be exposed to alcohol to become one). The work by Rose's group at Johns Hopkins University implicates APO-E genotype as a "risk" factor with APO-E2 being protective and APO-E4 being a major risk factor. APO-E2 has the ability to protect the brain from mercury by having two additional thiol-groups to bind mercury appearing in the cerebrospinal fluid whereas APO-E4 does not have this additional capability (1). This may explain the proven genetic susceptibility to AD of the APO-E4 carriers.
NIH has spent hundreds of millions of dollars to find a causal factor for AD. Yet, no virus, yeast or bacteria has been identified so the cause remains unknown to general science. The rate of AD per 1,000 population is nearly the same in California, Michigan, Maine, North Carolina, Florida, Texas, etc. It is not significantly different for rural versus urban individuals, or factory workers versus those with outside jobs. So the primary toxicant that may be involved is most likely not environmental. Therefore, it must be a very personal toxicant, like what you put in your mouth. Since we place grams of a neurotoxic metal, mercury, in our mouths in the form of dental amalgam this makes it a good suspect for the exacerbation of AD---not that all would be affected, just those that are genetically susceptible, or those who become ill enough to fall prey to the toxicity, or those that are also exposed to another synergistic toxin (see below).
The one fact that ties mercury into a major suspect for AD is the fact that most of the proteins/enzymes that are inhibited in AD brain are thiol-sensitive enzymes. Mercury is one of the most potent chemical inhibitors of thiol-sensitive enzymes and mercury vapor easily penetrates into the central nervous system (2). Mercury is not the only toxicant to inhibit thiol-sensitive enzymes. Thimerosal and lead will do this also as well as reactive oxygen compounds created in oxidative stress and many other industrial compounds. However, mercury has been reported to be significantly elevated in AD brain (14a,b, 15). Mercury is in many mouths being emitted from dental amalgam and absolutely would exacerbate the clinical condition identified as AD. Therefore, mercury should be considered as a causal contributor since mercury can produce the two pathological hallmarks of the disease and inhibits the same thiol-sensitive enzymes that are dramatically inhibited in AD brain.
It is documented by a 1991 World Health Organization report that dental amalgams constitute the major human exposure to mercury. Grams of mercury are in the mouths of individuals with several amalgam fillings. Further, the level of blood and urine mercury positively correlates with the number of amalgam fillings. This was confirmed by a recently published NIH funded study (6). Therefore, I fail to see the ADA's viewpoint that there is no scientifically valid evidence linking mercury from amalgams to exacerbating AD, especially since mercury produces the diagnostic hallmarks of AD (4,5).
Look at the references in the ADA letter! Even they must quote Scandinavian literature to support their contentions of safety, and even then they have to reference papers on fertility instead of neurotoxicity! Where is the ADA, FDA and NIDCR supported U.S. research in this area? Go to the NIH web-sites and look for research on the safety of mercury from amalgams, or try to find an NIH study concerning possible mercury involvement in any common neurological diseases. NIH does support research on methyl-mercury, as we seem to like beating up on the fishing industry whilst leaving the dental industry alone. However, according to the NIH study about 90% of the mercury in our bodies is elemental mercury, not methyl-mercury, showing the exposure is more likely from dental amalgams rather than fish (6). Support at NIH has been very sparse for investigating the relationship of elemental mercury exposure to neurological diseases.
"And there is no scientifically valid evidence demonstrating in vivo transformation of inorganic mercury into organo mercury species in individuals occupationally exposed to amalgam mercury vapor". There was a paper published entitled "Methylation of Mercury from Dental Amalgam and Mercuric Chloride by Oral Streptococci in vitro" (19). This strongly indicates that "organo mercury species" are indeed capable of being made in the human body and may explain the appearance of methyl-mercury in the blood and urine of individuals who don't eat seafood.
Further, periodontal disease is considered one of the major risk factors for stroke, heart and cardiovascular disease and late onset, insulin independent diabetes. Many studies of the toxicants produced in periodontal disease have identified hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methane-thiol (CH3SH) as major toxic products of infective anerobic bacteria in the mouth metabolizing the amino acids cysteine and methionine, respectively. These volatile thiol-compounds are what cause bad-breath! Methane-thiol (CH3SH) would react immediately and spontaneously in the mouth with amalgam generated mercury cation to produce the following two compounds, CH3S-HgCl and CH3S-Hg-SCH3, which are organo-mercurial compounds (check this out with any competent chemist).
"Based on currently available scientific evidence, the ADA believes that dental amalgam is a safe, affordable and durable material for all but a handful of individuals who are allergic to one of its components. It contains a mixture of metals such as silver, copper and tin, in addition to mercury, which chemically binds these components into a hard, stable and safe substance." This is a totally wrong statement unless you underline the "ADA believes" and define how big is a "handful of individuals".
Mercury release from dental amalgams is also the reason OSHA has used this analyzer to make the dentists place unused amalgam in a sealed container under liquid glycerin. This is done so that the mercury vapors from the amalgams will not contaminate the dental office making it an unsafe place to work. This is also the reason the EPA insists that removed amalgam filling and extracted teeth containing amalgam material be picked up and disposed of as toxic waste. Apparently, the only safe place for amalgams is in the human mouth if you believe what the ADA believes.
Also, much of the "safety opinion" was developed long before words like Alzheimer's disease and chronic fatigue were commonplace. Further, these were "reviews" and not carefully documented studies based on scientific experimentation and done by unqualified dentists, not medical scientists.
"In an article published in the February 1999 issue of the Journal of the American Dental Association, researchers report finding "no significant association of Alzheimer's disease with the number, surface area or history of having dental amalgam restorations." This research was lead by a dentist, Dr. Sax.
It was submitted to the J. of the American Medical Association and rejected. It was then submitted to the New England Journal of Medicine and rejected. It was then published in the ADA trade journal, JADA, that is not a refereed, scientific journal. JADA is loaded with commercial advertisements for dental products.
Further, if you are addressing the contribution of amalgams to brain mercury and AD wouldn't it be important to divide the AD and control subjects into those with and without existing amalgams on death? In the JADA article this was not done and represents a major research flaw! That this was not done also arouses suspicion. I participated in submitting a letter pointing out this flaw to editors of JADA but they refused to acknowledge the letter and did not publish our comments. It is my opinion that the entire situation around this singular supportive publication of the ADA position on amalgams, brain mercury levels and AD represents a weak attempt at controlling the mind-set of well-meaning dentists, scientists, physicians and medical research administrators. It definitely impedes honest scientific debate. It also explains the cavalier attitude of the ADA and NIDCR about elemental mercury exposure and toxicity when compared to the more serious approaches taken by the EPA and OSHA.
With regards to the JADA article summary that "no statistically significant differences in brain mercury levels between subjects with Alzheimer's disease and control subjects." Here I must quote Mark Twain on honesty, "There are liars, damned liars and statisticians." Comparing the level of mercury in the AD versus control alone using straight-forward statistics previously showed a significant difference on mercury levels in AD versus control subjects (14a,b, 15). However, there are anomalies, confounders and other factors that can be considered in this situation, especially if you don't like the initial results. This allows one to invoke a Bon-Feroni statistical manipulation. With Bon-Feroni you include the comparison of one pair of data (that may be statistically significantly different taken alone, e.g. mercury levels in the brains of AD versus control subjects) with several other pairs of data rendering the difference statistically insignificant. One known weakness of the Bon-Feroni treatment of several coupled pairs of comparisons is that one very likely will miss a single comparison that is significantly different, and clever people know this.
The ADA was founded on the basis that mercury-containing amalgams are safe and useful for dental fillings. This may have been an acceptable position in 1850. However, modern science has proven that amalgams constantly emit unacceptable levels of mercury. Especially as the average life span has increased from 50 to 75-78 years of age where AD and Parkinson's become prevalent diseases. The ADA can try to verify its position using selected epidemiological studies. But the bottom line is that amalgams emit significant levels of neurotoxic mercury that are injurious to human health and would exacerbate the medical condition of those individuals with neurological diseases such as ALS, MS, Parkinson's, autism and AD.
Sincerely,
Boyd E. Haley
Professor and Chair
Department of Chemistry
University of Kentucky
REFERENCES:
1. a. Duhr, E.F., Pendergrass, J. C., Slevin, J.T., and Haley, B. HgEDTA Complex Inhibits GTP Interactions With The E-Site of Brain b-Tubulin Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 122, 273-288 (1993).; b. Pendergrass, J.C. and Haley, B.E. Mercury-EDTA Complex Specifically Blocks Brain b-Tubulin-GTP Interactions: Similarity to Observations in Alzheimer"s Disease. p 98-105 in Status Quo and Perspective of Amalgam and Other Dental Materials (International Symposium Proceedings ed. by L. T. Friberg and G. N. Schrauzer) Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart-New York (1995).; c. Pendergrass, J.C. and Haley, B.E. Inhibition of Brain Tubulin-Guanosine 5'-Triphosphate Interactions by Mercury: Similarity to Observations in Alzheimer's Diseased Brain. In Metal Ions in Biological Systems V34, pp 461-478. Mercury and Its Effects on Environment and Biology, Chapter 16. Edited by H. Sigel and A. Sigel. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Ave., N.Y., N.Y. 10016 (1996).
2. Pendergrass, J. C., Haley, B.E., Vimy, M. J., Winfield, S.A. and Lorscheider, F.L. Mercury Vapor Inhalation Inhibits Binding of GTP to Tubulin in Rat Brain: Similarity to a Molecular Lesion in Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Neurotoxicology 18(2), 315-324 (1997).
3. David, S., Shoemaker, M., and Haley, B. Abnormal Properties of Creatine kinase in Alzheimer's Diseased Brain: Correlation of Reduced Enzyme Activity and Active Site Photolabeling with Aberrant Cytosol-Membrane Partitioning. Molecular Brain Research 54, 276-287 (1998).
4. Leong, CCW, Syed, N.I., and Lorscheider, F.L. Retrograde Degeneration of Neurite Membrane Structural Integrity and Formation of Neurofibillary Tangles at Nerve Growth Cones Following In Vitro Exposure to Mercury. NeuroReports 12 (4): 733-737, 2001.
5. Olivieri, G., Brack, Ch., Muller-Spahn, F., Stahelin, H.B., Herrmann, M., Renard, P; Brockhaus, M. and Hock, C. Mercury Induces Cell Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress and Increases b-amyloid Secretion and Tau Phosphorylation in SHSY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. J. Neurochemistry 74, 231-231, 2000.
6. Kingman, A., Albertini, T. and Brown, L.J. Mercury Concentrations in Urine and Whole-Blood Associated with Amalgam Exposure in a U.S. Military Population. J. Dental Research 77(3) 461-71, 1998.
7. Chew, C. L., Soh, G., Lee, A. S. and Yeoh, T. S. Long-term Dissolution of Mercury from a Non-Mercury-Releasing Amalgam. Clinical Preventive Dentistry 13(3): 5-7, May-June (1991).
8. Hahn, L.J., Kloiber, R., Vimy, M. J., Takahashi, Y. and Lorscheider, F.L. Dental "Silver" Tooth Fillings: A Source of Mercury Exposure Revealed by Whole-Body Image Scan and Tissue Analysis. FASEB J. 3, 2641-2646, 1989.
9. Hahn, L.J., Kloiber, R., Leininger, R.W., Vimy, M. J., and Lorscheider, F.L. Whole-body Imaging of the Distribution of Mercury Released from Dental Filling Into Monkey Tissues. FASEB F. 4, 3256-3260, 1990.
10. Hock, C., Drasch, G., Golombowski, S., Muller-Span, F., Willerhausen-Zonnchen, B., Schwarz, P., Hock, U., Growdon, J.H., and Nitsch, R.M. Increased Blood Mercury Levels in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J. of Neural Transmission v105(1) 59-68, 1998.
11. Frustaci, A., Magnavita, N., Chimenti, C., Caldarulo, M., Sabbioni, E., Pietra, R., Cellini. C., Possati, G. F. and Maseri, A. Marked Elevation of Myocardial Trace Elements in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Compared With Secondary Dysfunction. J. of the American College Cardiology v33(6) 1578-1583, 1999,
12. Schubert, J., Riley, E.J., and Tyler, S.A. Combined Effects in Toxicology-A Rapid Systemic Testing Procedure: Cadmium, Mercury and Lead. J. of Toxicology and Environmental Health v4, 763-776,1978.
13. Wataha, J. C., Nakajima, H., Hanks, C. T., and Okabe, T. Correlation of Cytotoxicity with Element Release from Mercury and Gallium-based Dental Alloys in vitro. Dental Materials 10(5) 298-303, Sept. (1994)
14. a. Ehmann, W., Markesbery, W., and Alauddin, T., Hossain, E. and Brubaker, E., Brain Trace Elements in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotoxicology 7(1) p197-206, 1986. b. Thompson, C. M., Markesbery, W.R., Ehmann, W.D., Mao, Y-X, and Vance, D.E. Regional Brain Trace-Element Studies in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotoxicology 9, 1-8 (1988).
15. Wenstrup, D., Ehmann, W., and Markesbery, W. Brain Research, 533, 125-131, 1990.
16. Ngim, C.H., Devathasan, G. Epidemiologic Study on the Assocaiation Between Body Burden Mercury Level and Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Neuroepidemiology, 8, 128-141, 1989.
17. Nylander, M., Friberg, L. and Lind, B. Mercury Concentrations in the Human Brain and Kidneys in Relation to Exposure from Dental Amalgam Fillings. Swedish Dentistry J. 11:179-187, 1987.
18. Nylander, M., Friberg, L., Eggleston, D., Bjorkman, L. Mercury Accumulation in Tissues from Dental Staff and Controls in Relation to Exposure. Swedish Dental J. 13, 235-243, 1989
19. Heintze, U. Edwardsson, S., Derand, T. and Birkhed, D. Methylation of Mercury from Dental Amalgam and Mercuric Chloride by Oral Streptococci in vitro. Scand. J. Dental Research 91(2) 150-152, 1983.
In Reply to: Dr . Lipsey Toxicologist volunteer to act as expert posted by MAI on June 14, 2001 at 19:26:45:
Perhaps the internet will finally put this to rest! The similar challenge by the same concerned dentists and public, in the early years of the 20th century, failed for a lack of public awareness.
Walt
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